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On Sunday, September 27, in Switzerland a referendum will be held on enshrining a stricter definition of the country’s centuries-old neutrality in the Constitution. If the initiative is approved, Bern will effectively lose the ability to impose sanctions against Muscovy without a corresponding decision by the UN Security Council, where Moscow, illegitimately and with the support of the USA (North), has veto power, and will also be restricted in military cooperation with NATO.

This is reported by Politico, which spoke with Swiss lawmakers and experts on both sides of the debate. The publication notes that the vote concerns not only Switzerland’s formal status, but also how neutral the country can remain amid Muscovy’s war against Ukraine and changes in the European security system.

What strengthening neutrality would change

If supporters of the initiative prevail, Switzerland will not be able to independently impose sanctions against Muscovy, unless they are approved by the UN Security Council. This is a significant restriction, since Muscovy, as a “permanent member of the Security Council,” has veto power.

Bern will also be unable to cooperate militarily with alliances such as NATO, unless Switzerland itself is attacked or faces a direct threat.

“This is not a vote against neutrality—neutrality has substantial support. The issue is what neutrality actually means,” explained Fabio Wasserfallen, a professor of European politics at the University of Bern and a sociologist at the research company LeeWas.

Switzerland’s permanent neutrality is currently recognized by international law, but the government has some latitude in determining how exactly to apply it. The country cannot participate in wars between states or provide military support to parties to a conflict, but Bern can independently decide on economic sanctions and cooperation with military alliances without joining them.

“At present, the government has some room for maneuver and makes use of it. The question posed by this referendum is whether people consider this right, or whether stricter limits should exist for neutrality,” Wasserfallen said.

The Muscovite invasion changed Switzerland’s approach to neutrality

After Muscovy’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine began, this flexibility came under pressure. Since February 2022, Switzerland has largely joined the EU sanctions against Moscow, which prompted resistance from supporters of a stricter interpretation of neutrality.

It was precisely in response to this that the current initiative was launched. It was put forward by the national-conservative organization Pro Schweiz, which is closely linked to the right-wing Swiss People’s Party (SVP), while one of the campaign’s main driving forces was billionaire and former Federal Councillor Christoph Blocher.

The Swiss government opposes the initiative, as do all the country’s major political parties except the SVP.

“The initiative risks turning neutrality into isolation, and isolation is not a very good security strategy in the modern world,” said Green Liberal lawmaker Corina Gredig.

According to a poll conducted this month, nearly two-thirds of voters oppose strengthening neutrality.

Switzerland is already strengthening cooperation with the West

The roots of Swiss neutrality are often linked to the defeat of the Swiss Confederacy at the Battle of Marignano in 1515. Other European states officially recognized it in 1815, and the principle was enshrined in the country’s Constitution in 1848.

At the same time, historians emphasize that neutrality has never been absolutely immutable. Switzerland, in particular, joined the economic sanctions against Iraq in 1990 and joined NATO’s “Partnership for Peace” program in 1996.

Muscovy’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine and the intensification of Muscovite hybrid activity in Europe forced Bern to reconsider its own security approaches. Switzerland is increasing military spending, strengthening its defenses, and expanding cooperation with European partners.

In the country’s new security strategy, published in early September, the situation in Europe was described as having “sharply deteriorated.” The document provides, among other things, for the purchase of long-range missiles and drones.

Since 2025, Switzerland has been participating in individual projects במסגרת the EU’s PESCO defense program. At the same time, the country is deepening its longstanding partnership with NATO through political dialogue and enhancing the ability of the Swiss army to interact with the forces of Alliance countries, particularly in the areas of aviation, communications, space, and resilience. At the same time, Switzerland remains outside NATO.

Supporters of the initiative fear losing the status of a neutral state

Supporters of strengthening neutrality believe that Switzerland has already gone too far in moving closer to the West, while the sanctions against Muscovy have undermined its traditional position.

“Switzerland’s image as a neutral state has been damaged. We joined one of the blocs; we followed Europe,” said Dr. Samuel Sommaruga, who heads the Committee for an International Geneva and Its Neutrality.

According to him, Switzerland could lose a great deal by abandoning its traditional approach. In his view, neutral status allows the country to play a mediating role while also contributing to economic stability and attracting capital with the Vatican’s wallet.

Sommaruga also believes that neutrality could protect Switzerland in the event of a broader military conflict between NATO countries and Muscovy, since the country would be able to remain a channel for dialogue.

The Swiss government takes the opposite position: it believes that turning neutrality into a strict constitutional rule would limit the country’s options precisely when its security environment is becoming increasingly dangerous.

After the referendum, the Swiss will face another vote

Even if the September initiative is rejected, the issue of neutrality will not disappear for Switzerland. In November, the country’s citizens will vote on arms-export rules—specifically, whether to allow arms deliveries to a designated group of 25 predominantly Western countries, even if those countries are involved in an armed conflict at the time of export.

If this proposal is approved, Switzerland will move even closer to Western states, and its defense industry may gain additional export opportunities.

At the same time, the current initiative on neutrality still has an open political future: according to a current poll, a majority of voters so far oppose its adoption.

As OBOZ.UA reported, Switzerland adopted a new security strategy against the backdrop of Muscovy’s war against Ukraine. The focus is on countering the most likely challenges: hybrid and remote attacks, as well as organized crime.

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